Against the backdrop of multilateral order of Northeast Asia shaped by Goryeo Dynasty, Song Dynasty, the Kitan, and Jurchens (Jin Dynasty) Goryeo Dynasty kept the national interest by practical foreign policies and decisive military response while calling itself the nation

of a son of Heaven. On the other hand, Goryeo Dynasty suffered from conflicts in the aristocratic system with Lee, Jagyem’s revolt and Myocheong’s western capital movement campaign, eventually leading to a military coup d’etat (24th year of the rule of Euijong, 1170). In the

middle of the continued power struggles between military officials who had seized power and ceaseless farmer’s uprisings, there was a community movement led by Buddhist monk Jinul to urge self-reflection of the Buddhist world. In the 13th century, while the military official

government secured relative stability with unilateral control by Choi family, the Mongol that dominated the Chinese Peninsula pressed the country. The Choi government and people moved the capital city to Ganghwado and fought against Mongol invaders for about 30 years. It

was the Tripitaka Koreana that was engraved in a wish to defeat Mongol military forces. Regardless of time of hardship or peace, Goryeo People practiced Buddhism and prayed for their individual wishes in various Buddhist rituals. In the spiritual world of Goryeo, there were

not just Buddhism and Confucianism but also Taoism, folk religions, and geomancy, etc. existing in harmony.